Lesson 4 : The methods and equipments used in measuring

 The methods and equipments used in measuring  

a variety of methods and equipments can be used to measure each of these parameters .

1)Horizontal distances by :

• Taping .
• Optical method .
• Electronic methods  .

2)Vertical distances by : 

• Taping 
• Optical method 
• Electronic methods  

3)Angles by :

• Magnetic compass .
• Sextant .
• Theodolite .

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Lesson 3 : Land surveying

 Land surveying

This area of surveying can be broken down into the following:

• Geodetic surveying .
• Topographical surveying  .
• Photogrammetry.
• Hydrographic surveying.
• Cadastral surveying .
• Engineering surveying .

We are going to concentrate on this last aspect although the basic techniques can be employed to most of the others .

Engineering surveying is used 

•  at the concept and design stage for production of maps and plans .
• at the construction stage for setting out and measurement .
• at the post construction stage for measurement and monitoring .

surveying for all three aspects involves the measurement of three parameters :

• Horizontal distances .
• Vertical distances .
• Angles .

 

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Lesson 2 : Types of surveying

Types of surveying 

1) boundary and cadastral surveying 

• Related to separation and mapping of property boundaries .

2) plane surveying 

• concerns small area project and surveying work where earth curvature can be neglected .

3) Topographic surveying 

• The third dimension - heights - is included .

4 ) Geodetic surveying 

• concerns large area surveying works such as geodetic networks , etc . 
• earth curvature is taken into account .

5) Engineering construction surveying includes surveying works needed for 

• planning 
• design
• Implementation 
• Monitoring 

6 ) Quantity surveying 

field works and computations related to determination of quantities :

• cut 
• fill
• buildings materials , etc 
  
  
  
  
  

 

 

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Lesson 1 : definition of surveying

 Definition

The simplest definition of surveying is that : 

The definition of surveying include these main points

1) earth measurement

• distances : horizontal ,slope and vertical

• angles :horizontal , vertical , zenith , azimuth     

2) determination of relative position of points located on above or below the earth's surface

3) The final output is positional information as :

• maps : digital or paper 
• Coordinates 
• Features  
  
  
  

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preface

preface 

Before I started , I want to tell the visitors of this blog why I want to write about this subject exactly ( surveying in civil engineering ) , the reason is that when I was student the surveying course was very complicated respect to me so now I will try to make this course easy for all Civil Engineering students in the world
After I studied this course hard and got high mark in it I will write about it , surveying  in civil engineering now is the most interesting subject for me
In this blog I will make simple lessons in this aspect , the goal is to help you .  If you have any question about this subject send a question for me on this email .

Sami Alhalabi 

  

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